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基本
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レビュー：介入
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スティグマと援助要請
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援助要請と自殺
Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2013). Correlates of suicide stigma and suicide literacy in the community. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 406-417. ★★★Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., & Christensen, H. (2014). Predictors of help-seeking for suicidal ideation in the community: Risks and opportunities for public suicide prevention campaigns. Psychiatry Research, 219, 525–530. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.027 De Leo, D., Cerin, E., Spathonis, K., & Burgis, S. (2005). Lifetime risk of suicide ideation and attempts in an Australian community: Prevalence, suicidal process, and help-seeking behaviour. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86 (2-3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.02.001 Nakamura, K., Batterham, P. J., Reynolds, J. (2022). Professional help-seeking for suicide in Japan: Modifiable factors influencing help-seeking beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 10, e100425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100425 Reynders, A., Kerkhof, A. J., Molenberghs, G., & Van Audenhove, C. (2016). Stigma, attitudes, and help‐seeking intentions for psychological problems in relation to regional suicide rates. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 46(1), 67-78.https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12179 Reynders, A., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Molenberghs, G., & Van Audenhove, C. (2013). Attitudes and stigma in relation to help-seeking intentions for psychological problems in low and high suicide rate regions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0745-4 Scherr, S., & Reinemann, C. (2016). First do no harm: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence for the impact of individual suicidality on the use of online health forums and support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.009 援助要請：DV・虐待・犯罪被害
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発達障害
Davis, S., Thomson, K., & Magnacca, C. (2020). Evaluation of a caregiver training program to teach help-seeking behavior to children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(5), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2020.1812144 Taylor, B. A., Hughes, C. E., Richard, E., Hoch, H., & Rodriquez Coello, A. (2004). Teaching teenagers with autism to seek assistance when lost. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(1), 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-79 特殊サンプル
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R. 2013 Men’s help-seeking: examination of differences across community size, education, and income. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14, 65-75. ★★★Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., & Strass, H. A. (2017). Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: The buffering role of self-compassion. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 94-103. ★★★★Johnson, M. E. (1987). Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Psychology, 122, 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1988.9915510 Juillerat, T., White, K., & Obst, P. (2023). A theory-based examination of the predictors of mental health help-seeking in young men. Australian Psychologist, 58(6), 466-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2023.2231612 Kantar, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2023). Masculine gender role stress and attitudes towards seeking psychological help: Serial mediation by self-stigma and self-compassion. Current Psychology. 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Freudenberg, N., Wilets, I., Greene, M. B., & Richie, B. E. (1998). Linking women in jail to community services: factors associated with rearrest and retention of drug-using women following release from jail. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association (1972), 53(2), 89–93. Levenson, J. S., Willis, G. M., & Vicencio, C. P. (2017). Obstacles to help-seeking for sexual offenders: Implications for prevention of sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26 (2), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1276116 ★★★★Mitchell, R. C., & Galupo, M. P. (2018). The role of forensic factors and potential harm to the child in the decision not to act among men sexually attracted to children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33 (14), 2159-2179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515624211 ★★★★Li, H., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015). Understanding service provision and utilization for vulnerable youth: Evidence from multiple informants. Children and Youth Services Review, 56, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.06.012 Piché, L., Mathesius, J., Lussier, P., & Schweighofer, A. (2018). Preventative services for sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 30 (1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216630749 ★★★★Skogstad, P., Deane, F. P., & Spicer, J. (2005). Barriers to helpseeking among New Zealand prison inmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 42(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v42n02_01 ★★★Skogstad, P. Deane, F. P., Spicer, J. 2006 Social-cognitive determinants of help-seeking for mental health problems among prison inmates. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 16, 43-59. ★★★Steadman, H. J., Holohean, E. J., & Dvoskin, J. (1991). Estimating mental health needs and service utilization among prison inmates. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 19, 297-307. ★★★Timko, C., Johnson, J. E., Kurth, M., Schonbrun, Y. C., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2019). Health services use among jailed women with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 46(1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9634-7 ★★★Williams, M. W., Skogstad, P., & Deane, F. P. (2001). Attitudes of male prisoners toward seeking professional psychological help. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 34(2), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v34n02_04 ★★★医療系
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Clarke, D., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Rössler, W., & Regier, D. (2010). Subjective distress predicts treatment seeking for depression, bipolar, anxiety, panic, neurasthenia and insomnia severity spectra. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122(6), 488-498. ★★★Boerema, A. M., Kleiboer, A., Beekman, A. T., van Zoonen, K., Dijkshoorn, H., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Determinants of help-seeking behavior in depression: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 78. ★★★Matsui, T., Hirai, K., Gondo, Y., & Sato, S. (2020). Examination of factors contributing to help-seeking behavior in accessing psychosocial support services among Japanese cancer patients: An application of the segmentation approach. Psycho-Oncology, 29(11), 1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5523 Roberts, R. O., Bergstralh, E. J., Schmidt, L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (1996). Comparison of self-reported and medical record health care utilization measures. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 989-995. ★★★Wallihan, D. B., Stump, T. E., & Callahan, C. M. (1999). Accuracy of self-reported health services use and patterns of care among urban older adults. Medical Care, 37, 662-670. ★★★医療系：DUPとDUI
Altamura, A. C., Bassetti, R., Sassella, F., Salvadori, D., & Mundo, E. (2001). Duration of untreated psychosis as a predictor of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a retrospective study. Schizophrenia research, 52(1-2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00187-0 Altamura, A. C., Buoli, M., Caldiroli, A., Caron, L., Cumerlato Melter, C., Dobrea, C., Cigliobianco, M., & Zanelli Quarantini, F. (2015). Misdiagnosis, duration of untreated illness (DUI) and outcome in bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms: A naturalistic study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.024 McGlashan, T. H. (1999). Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: Marker or determinant of course? Biological Psychiatry, 46(7), 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00084-0 スポーツ
Donohue, B., Dickens, Y., Lancer, K., Covassin, T., Hash, A., Miller, A., & Genet, J. (2004). Improving athletes’ perspectives of sport psychology consultation: A controlled evaluation of two interview methods. Behavior Modification, 28(2), 182-193. Martin, S. B., Kellmann, M., Lavallee, D., & Page, S. J. (2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of the sport psychology attitudes—revised form: A multiple group investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 272-290. doi: 10.1123/tsp.16.3.272 過剰な援助要請
Botelho, A., Dias, I. C., Fernandes, T., Pinto, L., Teixeira, J., Valente, M., & Veiga, P. (2019). Overestimation of health urgency as a cause for emergency services inappropriate use: Insights from an exploratory economics experiment in Portugal. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), 1031–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12720 Camblin, L., & Weinland, L. (1987). False fire alarms: A deviant pattern of seeking help. Social Work, 32(1), 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.1.83 Koskela, T. H., Ryynanen, O. P., & Soini, E. J. (2010). Risk factors for persistent frequent use of the primary health care services among frequent attenders: A Bayesian approach. Scandinavian journal of primary health care, 28(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813431003690596 援助要請と感情
Juhl, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Xiong, X., & Zhou, X. (2021). Nostalgia promotes help seeking by fostering social connectedness. Emotion, 21(3), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000720 Siegel, J. T., & Thomson, A. L. (2017). Positive emotion infusions of elevation and gratitude: Increasing help-seeking intentions among people with heightened levels of depressive symptomatology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1221125 社会心理・実験系：援助－被援助
Bohns, V. K. (2016). (Mis) Understanding our influence over others: A review of the underestimation-of-compliance effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25 (2), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415628011 ★★★Bohns, V. K., & Flynn, F. J. 2010 “Why didn’t you just ask?” Underestimating the discomfort of help-seeking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 402-409. ★★★Bohns, V. K., & Flynn, F. J. (2013). Guilt by design: Structuring organizations to elicit guilt as an affective reaction to failure. Organization Science, 24(4), 1157–1173. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0787 ★★★Bohns, V. K., & Flynn, F. J. (2021). Empathy and expectations of others' willingness to help. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, ●. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110368 ★★★Bohns, V. K., Handgraaf, M. J., Sun, J., Aaldering, H., Mao, C., & Logg, J. (2011). Are social prediction errors universal? Predicting compliance with a direct request across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47 (3), 676-680. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.01.001 ★★★Bohns, V. K., Newark, D. A., & Xu, A. Z. (2016). For a dollar, would you…? How (we think) money affects compliance with our requests. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 134. 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.04.004 Bohns, V. K., Roghanizad, M. M., & Xu, A. Z. (2013). Underestimating our influence over others’ unethical behavior and decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40 (3), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213511825 ★★★Flynn, F. J., & Lake, V. K. B. 2008 If you need help, just ask: Underestimating compliance with direct requests for help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 128-143. ★★★★★Flynn, F. J., & Yu, A. (2021). Better to give than reciprocate? Status and reciprocity in prosocial exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. ●. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000349 Newark, D. A., Bohns, V. K., & Flynn, F. J. (2017). A helping hand is hard at work: Help-seekers’ underestimation of helpers’ effort. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 139, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.01.001 Newark, D. A., Flynn, F. J., & Bohns, V. K. (2014). Once bitten, twice shy: The effect of a past refusal on expectations of future compliance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(2), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613490967 社会心理・実験系
Amato, P. R., & Saunders. J. 1985 The perceived dimensions of help-seeking episodes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 130-138. ★Broll, L., Gross, A. E., & Piliavin, I. (1974). Effects of offered and requested help on help seeking and reactions to being helped. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4(3), 244–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02644.x. Clark, M. S. 1982 Some implications of close social bonds for help-seeking. In DePaulo, B. M., Nadler, A. & Fisher, J. D. (Eds.), New directions in helping. Vol. 2 Help-seeking. New York : Academic Press. Pp. 205-229.
Cotler, S., Quilty, R. F., & Palmer, R. J. 1970 Measurement of appropriate and unnecessary help-seeking dependent behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 324-327. ★★★DePaulo, B. M. 1978 Accuracy in predicting situational variations in help-seekers' responses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4 (2), 330-333. ★★DePaulo, B. M., Dull,W. R., Greenberg, J. M., & Swaim, G. W. 1989 Are shy people reluctant to ask for help? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 834-844. ★★★Depaulo, B. M., & Fisher, J. D. 1980 The costs of asking for help. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 23-35. ★★★DePaulo, B. M., & Fisher, J. D. (1981). Too tuned-out to take: The role of nonverbal sensitivity in help-seeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616728172003 ★★★Gross, A. E., & McMullen, P. A. 1982 Models of the help-seeking process. In DePaulo, B. M., Nadler, A. & Fisher, J. D. (Eds.), New directions in helping. Vol. 2 Help-seeking. New York : Academic Press. Pp. 45-70.
Fisher, E. H., Winer, D. & Abramowitz, S. I. 1982 Seeking professional help for psychological problems. In Fisher, J. D., -Nadler, A. & DePaulo, B. M. (Eds.), New directions in helping. Vol. 3 Applied perspectives on help-seeking and -receiving. New York : Academic Press. Pp. 163-185.
Karabenick, S. A., & Knapp. J. R. 1988 Effects of computer privacy on help-seeking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 461-472. ★★Langer, E. J., & Abelson, R. P. 1972 The Semantics of asking a favor: How to succeed in getting help without really dying. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 26-32. ★★★Lee, F. 1999 Verbal strategies for seeking help in organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1472-1496.
Lee, F. 1997 When the going gets tough, do the tough ask for help? Help seeking and power motivation in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 336-363.
Lee, F. 2002 The social costs of seeking help. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 38, 17-35.
Morris. S. C., & Rosen, S. 1973 Effects of felt adequacy and opportunity to reciprocate on help seeking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 265-276. ★★Nadler, A. 1986 Help Seeking as a Cultural Phenomenon: Differences Between City and Kibbutz Dwellers．Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 976-982.
Nadler, A. (1987). Determinants of help seeking behaviour: The effects of helper's similarity, task centrality and recipient's self esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420170106 Nadler, A., Altman, A., & Fisher, J. D. 1979 Helping is not enough: Recipient’s reactions to aid as a function of positive and negative information about the self. Journal of Personality, 47, 615-628.
Nadler, A., Ellis, S., & Bar, I. (2003). To seek or not to seek: The relationship between help seeking and job performance evaluations as moderated by task-relevant expertise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 91-109. ★★★Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Itzhak S. B. 1983 With a little help from my friend: Effect of single or multiple act aid as a function of donor and task characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 310-321.
Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Streufert, S. 1976 When helping hurts: The effects of donor-recipient similarity and recipient self-esteem on reactions to aid. Journal of Personality, 44, 392-409.
Nadler, A., Mayseless, O., Peri, N., & Chemerinski, A. (1985). Effects of opportunity to reciprocate and self-esteem on help-seeking behavior. Journal of Personality, 53(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00886.x Nadler, A., & Porat, I. 1978 When names do not help: Effects of anonymity and locus of need attribution on help-seeking behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 624-626. ★★Nadler, A. Shapira, R., & Ben-Itzahak, S. 1982 Good looks may help: Effects of helper’s physical attractiveness and sex of helper on males’ and Females’ help-seeking behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 90-99. ★★★Pearce, P. L. 1980 Strangers, travelers, and greyhound terminals: A study of small-scale helping behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 935-940. ★★★Shapiro, E. G., 1978 Help seeking: Effects of visibility of task performance and seeking help. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8 (2), 163-173. ★★★Shapiro, E. G. 1980 Is seeking help from a friend like seeking help from a stranger? Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 259-263.
Snyder, C. R., & Ingram, R. E. 1983 “Company motivates the miserable”: The impact of consensus information on help-seeking for psychological problems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1118-1126. ★★★Stokers, S. J., & Bicknabn, L. 1974 The effect of the physical attractiveness and role of the helper on help seeking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 286-294. ★★Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. 1972 Help seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: An attributional analysis．Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 318-326.
Williams, K. B., & Williams, K. D. 1983 Social inhibition and asking for help: The effects of number, strength, and immediacy of potential help givers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 67-77. Wills,T.A.&DePaulo,B.M. 1991 ‘Interpersonal analysis of the help-seeking process'（Snyder,C.R. Forsyth,D.R.ed.,Handbook of social and clinical psychology～The health perspective～,Pergamon Press） 学業的援助要請
Amemiya, J., & Wang, M. T. (2017). Transactional relations between motivational beliefs and help seeking from teachers and peers across adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(8), 1743-1757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0623-y Ames, R. & Lau, S. 1982 An attributional analysis of student help-seeking in academic settings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 414-423. ★★★Bong, M. 2009 Age-related differences in achievement goal differentiation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 879-896. ★★★Butler, R. (2007). Teachers' achievement goal orientations and associations with teachers' help seeking: Examination of a novel approach to teacher motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 241-252. ★★★★Holt, L. J. 2014a Help seeking and social competence mediate the parental attachment-college student adjustment relation. Personal Relationships. 21, 640-654. ★★★★Holt, L. J. 2014b Attitudes about help-seeking mediate the relation between parent attachment and academic adjustment in first-year college students. Journal of College Student Development, 55, 418-423. ★★★★Järvelä, S. (2011). How does help seeking help?–New prospects in a variety of contexts. Learning and Instruction, 21, 297-299. ★★★Karabenick, S. A. (2011). Classroom and technology-supported help seeking: The need for converging research paradigms. Learning and Instruction, 21, 290-296. ★★★Karabenick, S. A., & Knapp. J. R. 1988 Help seeking and the need for academic assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 , 406-408. ★★★Karabenick, S. A., & Knapp. J. R. 1991 Relationship of academic help seeking to the use of learning strategies and other instrumental achievement behavior in college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 221-230. ★★★★Karabenick, S. A., & Sharma, R. 1994 Perceived teacher support of student questioning in the college classroom: Its relation to student characteristic and role in the classroom questioning process. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 90-103. Karabenick, S. A. 2004 Perceived achievement goal structure and college student help-seeking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 569-581 Mäkitalo-Siegl, K., & Fischer, F. (2011). Stretching the limits in help-seeking research: Theoretical, methodological, and technological advances. Learning and Instruction, 21, 243-246. ★★★Mäkitalo-Siegl, K., Kohnle, C., & Fischer, F. (2011). Computer-supported collaborative inquiry learning and classroom scripts: Effects on help-seeking processes and learning outcomes. Learning and Instruction, 21, 257-266. ★★★Marchand, G., & Skinner, E. A. 2007 Motivational dynamics of children’s academic help-seeking and concealment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 65-82. ★★★★Middleton, M. J., & Midgley, C. 1997 Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 710-718. ★★★★Midgley, N., Parkinson, S., Holmes, J., Stapley, E., Eatough, V., & Target, M. 2016 “Did I bring it on myself?” An exploratory study of beliefs that adolescents referred to mental health services have about the causes of their depression. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 35-34. ★★★ Newman, R. S., & Golding, L. 1990 Children’s reluctance to seek help with school work. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 92-100. ★★★Puustinen, M., Bernicot, J., & Bert-Erboul, A. (2011). Written computer-mediated requests for help by French-speaking students: An analysis of their forms and functions. Learning and Instruction, 21, 281-289. ★★★Roll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2011). Improving students’ help-seeking skills using metacognitive feedback in an intelligent tutoring system. Learning and Instruction, 21, 267-280. ★★★Roussel, P., Elliot, A. J. & Feltman, R. (2011). The influence of achievement goals and social goals on help-seeking from peers in an academic context. Learning and Instruction, 21(3), 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.05.003 Ryan, A. M., Patrick, H. & Shim, S. 2005 Differential profiles of students indentified by their teacher as having avoidant, appropriate, or dependent help-seeking tendencies in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 275-285. ★★★★Ryan, A. M., & Shim, S. S. 2012 Changes in help seeking from peers during early adolescence: Associations with changes in achievement and perceptions of teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 1122-1134. ★★★★Ryan, A. M., & Shin, H. (2011). Help-seeking tendencies during early adolescence: An examination of motivational correlates and consequences for achievement. Learning and Instruction, 21, 247-256. ★★★★Shim, S. S., Kiefer, S. M., & Wang, C. (2013). Help seeking among peers: The role of goal structure and peer climate. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2012.692733 Reactions to Aid
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Zhang, T. H., Li, H. J., Woodberry, K. A., Xu, L. H., Tang, Y. Y., Guo, Q., Cui、H. R., Liu, X. H., Chow, A., Li, C. B., Jiang, K. D., Xiao, Z. P., Seidman, L. J., & Wang, J. J. (2017). Two-year follow-up of a Chinese sample at clinical high risk for psychosis: Timeline of symptoms, help-seeking and conversion. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26, 287-298. ★★★★AI
Nobles, A. L., Leas, E. C., Caputi, T. L., Zhu, S. H., Strathdee, S. A., & Ayers, J. W. (2020). Responses to addiction help-seeking from Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant, Cortana, and Bixby intelligent virtual assistants. NPJ Digital Medicine, 3, 1-3.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0215-9 ★★★★
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